ða (plural)
FOCUSED PRACTICE · 1 PARADIGM · 4 FORMS
the, that
Core drill · 200×
0 / 200 correct repetitions
- Forms
- Each Nom. → Acc. → Gen. → Dat.
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Demonstrative THAT / Definite Article (sē, sēo, ðæt)
Historical Grammar
27. The student will observe (1) that nouns whose nominative ends in –e (fiscere) drop this letter before adding the case endings; (2) that æ before a consonant (hwæl) changes to a in the plural; (3) that h, preceded by r (mearh) or l (seolh, seal), is dropped before an inflectional vowel, the stem vowel being then lengthened by way of compensation; (4) that dissyllables (finger) having the first syllable long, generally syncopate the vowel of the second syllable before adding the case endings.
28. Paradigm of the Definite Article sē, sēo, ðæt=the:
28. Paradigm of the Definite Article sē, sēo, ðæt=the:
| Case | Masculine. | Feminine. | Neuter. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | |||
| N. | sē | sēo | ðæt |
| G. | ðæs | ðǣre | ðæs |
| D. | ðǣm (ðām) | ðǣre | ðǣm (ðām) |
| A. | ðone | ðā | ðæt |
| I. | ðȳ, ðon | — | ðȳ, ðon |
| All Genders. | |||
| Plur. | |||
| N.A. | ðā | ||
| G. | ðāra | ||
| D. | ðǣm (ðām) | ||
Historical Exercises & Reading
EXERCISES.
I. 1. Ðāra wulfa mūðas.
2. Ðæs fisceres fingras.
3. Ðāra Wēala cyninge.
4. Ðǣm ęnglum ǫnd ðǣm hierdum.
5. Ðāra daga ęnde.
6. Ðǣm bōcerum ǫnd ðǣm sęcgum ðæs cyninges.
7. Ðǣm sēole ǫnd ðǣm fuglum.
8. Ðā stānas ǫnd ðā gāras.
9. Hwala ǫnd mēara.
10. Ðāra ęngla wīsdōm.
11. Ðæs cyninges bōceres frēodōm.
12. Ðāra hierda fuglum.
13. Ðȳ stāne.
14. Ðǣm wealle.
II. 1. For the horses and seals.
2. For the Welshmen’s freedom.
3. Of the king’s birds.
4. By the wisdom of men and angels.
5. With the spear and the stone.
6. The herdsman’s seal and the warrior’s spears.
7. To the king of heaven.
8. By means of the scribe’s wisdom.
Syntax & Usage — Wülfing
Loquentes translation from Wülfing. Wülfing wrote in German; the English below is a Loquentes translation. The Old English examples are Wülfing’s own and are reproduced exactly as printed. The cleaned German original follows in the collapsible block.
I. se, seo, þæt. The demonstrative pronoun se, seo, þæt is also used adjectivally as the definite article (see §§ 134–147) and substantively as a relative pronoun (see §§ 275/6, 283–286c); it is therefore often impossible to determine decisively whether the one or the other use is present. As a demonstrative, se, seo, þæt points to what is near at hand, already mentioned, or yet to be mentioned.
254. A. It is used first as a noun; it then refers (1) to persons or other living beings, and (2) to things or to the content of a whole sentence.
Wülfing's running comments are part of his argument and are kept: at Be. 475, 18 and 483, 29 the pronoun may also be taken relatively (see § 275); at Or. 20, 1 he cross-refers to § 239 b and γγ; at Or. 60, 14 he asks whether hit refers back to rice or is used generally; at Cp. 26, 6 and 44, 1 he rejects Sweet's rendering "of which … / on which subject" and holds that the pronoun refers to the persons themselves; at Cp. 44, 8 the plural follows because the preceding se and ðæm stand in a generalizing sense; at Be. 510, 2 ðæm refers to Mellitus, named in the heading of the preceding chapter.
Examples
æfter Bryttum & Peohtum ðridde cynn Scotta Breotone onfeng . . .
ða wæron cumene of Hibernia
se geeode þæt Ealond on Wiht & Romana onwealde underþeodde
se wæs fifta eac feowertigum fram Agusto
Aetius wæs haten mære man, se wæs iu ær heah ealdorman
Gregorius . . . feng to biscophade . . . . . . . Se wæs mid godcundre onbryrdnesse monad
mid ðy Biscop ðone ðe hi hire . . . sealdan, þæs nama wæs Leodheard
monige . . . Ðara geleafan & gehwyrfednesse is sæd þætte se cyning swa wære efenblissiende
gif ðonne for mycelre arwurþnysse hwylc mon ne gedyrstigaþ onfon, se is to heriganne
ðæm (dies bezieht sich auf den in der Überschrift des vorhergehenden Kapitels erwähnten Mellitus) sona æfterfyligde . . . Justus
þa deor hi hatað hranas
þara wæron syx stælhranas
Burgenda land wæs us on bæcbord, & þa habbað him sylf cyning
Diocle feng Astiai to rice, se næfde nanne sunu
heora ladteow wæs haten Htesseus; se wæs mid his dædum snelra þonne he mægenes hæfde
ic geseah . . micel menigu Godes ðeowa, & þa swiðe lytle feorme ðara boca wiston
licet swiðe monig ðæt he æwfæst lareow sie, þe he wilnað micle worldare habban
be ðæm (bezieht sich auf monig) Crist selfa clipode, & þus cwæð: hi seceað . . . .
sio gimen . . sie ðæm beboden þe . . . .
gif hiere ðonne se wiðsace
ælces ðara god ðe . . .
se bið eac . . . onscod . . . .
be ðæm cwæð Crist . . . .: sceogeað eowre fett
ða wæs sum consul, þæt we heretoha hataþ, Boetius wæs haten, se wæs in bocræftum & on woruldþeawum se rihtwisesta
se ða ongeat þa manigfealdan yfel
an sceppend is . . ., & se is eac wealdend
gif he medrenmægas hæbbe, gielden þa þæs weres þriddan dæl
ðis gewrit oððe hit god sagað . . ., & seþe hit gehyreþ he onhyreþ ðam, oððe hit yfel sagaþ . . . ., & seþe hit gehyreþ he flyhþ þæt
(we geleornodon þæt we her writaþ . . .) unter hwilcum cyninge þæt ðonne geworden wæs
gif he hwæt . . . on oþre wisan gehyre, þæt he me þæt ne otwite
worhtan him hocas, & mid ðam tugan hi . . .
Theodosius rice onfeng, & þæt hæfde . . .
æfter ðam
(oþer seonaþ:) ða se a geseted wæs
binnan þæm (nämlich den vorher erwähnten Flüssen und Meeren) sindon monega þeoda
(swyðe mycel sæ . . .;) seo is bradre usw.
mid Egyptum wearþ syfan gear se ungemetlica eorðwela, & hi æfter ðæm wæron on ðan mæstan hungre
Sameramis feng to þæm rice & getimbrede þa burg Babylonia, toþon þæt heo wære heafod ealra Asiria
& hit fela wintra siþþan on þæm stod
swa ungeliefedlic is ænigum menn þæt to gesecgenne, hu ænig mon mehte swelce burg gewyrcan swelce sio (das vorher erwähnte Babel) wæs, oðþe eft abreccan
on þæm dagum wæs an burg in Affrica sio wæs neh þæm sæ, oð an sæflod com & hie aweste & þa men adrencte
hie lufedon wisdom & ðurh ðone hi begeaton welan
ne cwæð he þæt (den vorhergehenden Ausspruch), forðyþe he ænegum men ðæs (den Inhalt desselben) wyscte
hine spænð his mod to swiðe monegum unnyttum weorce.
He sorgað ymb ða & bið ðara swiðe gemyndig
þæt (den Inhalt des vorhergehenden Satzes) we magon swiðe sweotule ongietan
siððon mon wyrcð duru to; gif sio ðonne ontyned bið
þæt dumbe & þæt gehæfte neat ðreade . . ., & mid ðy gestierde ðæm witgan
hu Boetius hi wolde berædan, & Ðeodric þa þæt anfunde
offriað ge mid rihtwisnesse, and bringað þa Gode to lacum
þu hatast ealle þa þe unriht wyrcað, and þæt ne forlætað
do hiere gyfta, and locige þæt hio hæbbe hrægl . . ., gif he hire þara nan ne do, þonne sie hio frioh
and sie se hlaford ofslegen oððe se man forgolden, swa þæt witan to rihte finden
Original German — Wülfing
I. se, seo, þæt.
Das hinweisende Fürwort se, seo, þæt wird auch adjektivisch als bestimmter Artikel (s. §§ 134—147) sowie substantivisch als relatives Fürwort verwendet (s. §§ 275/6, 283—286c.); es ist daher oft nicht bestimmt festzustellen, ob die eine oder die andere Verwendung vorliegt. Als hinweisendes Fürwort weist se, seo, þæt auf Naheliegendes, schon Erwähntes oder noch zu Erwähnendes hin.
254. A. Es wird zunächst als Hauptwort verwandt; es bezieht sich dann
1. Auf Personen oder andere lebende Wesen: Be. 474, 25 æfter Bryttum & Peohtum ðridde cynn Scotta Breotone onfeng . . .; ða wæron cumene of Hibernia; 475, 18 se geeode þæt Ealond on Wiht & Romana onwealde underþeodde (kann auch relativ gefaßt werden, s. § 275); 481, 35 se wæs fifta eac feowertigum fram Agusto; 39 Aetius wæs haten mære man, se wæs iu ær heah ealdorman; über 483, 29 vgl. § 275; 485, 24 Gregorius . . . feng to biscophade . . . . . . . Se wæs mid godcundre onbryrdnesse monad; 486, 36 mid ðy Biscop ðone ðe hi hire . . . sealdan, þæs nama wæs Leodheard; 488, 13 monige . . . Ðara geleafan & gehwyrfednesse is sæd þætte se cyning swa wære efenblissiende; 494, 24 gif ðonne for mycelre arwurþnysse hwylc mon ne gedyrstigaþ onfon, se is to heriganne; 510, 2 ðæm (dies bezieht sich auf den in der Überschrift des vorhergehenden Kapitels erwähnten Mellitus) sona æfterfyligde . . . Justus; usw. usw. Or. 18, 11 þa deor hi hatað hranas; þara wæron syx stælhranas; 20, 1 Burgenda land wæs us on bæcbord, & þa habbað him sylf cyning (vgl. § 239. b. u. γγ.); 52, 15 Diocle feng Astiai to rice, se næfde nanne sunu; 72, 1; 78, 26 heora ladteow wæs haten Htesseus; se wæs mid his dædum snelra þonne he mægenes hæfde; 82, 28; 96, 24; 196, 12; 274, 19; 296, 14. Cp. 4, 11 ic geseah . . micel menigu Godes ðeowa, & þa swiðe lytle feorme ðara boca wiston; 26, 6 licet swiðe monig ðæt he æwfæst lareow sie, þe he wilnað micle worldare habban; be ðæm (bezieht sich auf monig) Crist selfa clipode, & þus cwæð: hi seceað . . . .; 44, 1 sio gimen . . sie ðæm beboden þe . . . .; gif hiere ðonne se wiðsace; 8 ælces ðara god ðe . . .; se bið eac . . . onscod . . . .; be ðæm cwæð Crist . . . .: sceogeað eowre fett (die Mehrzahl, weil die vorhergehenden se und ðæm verallgemeinernd stehen; Sweet übersetzt an dieser und an ähnlichen Stellen, z. B. 26, 6 (s. o.): of which . . ., oder on which subject Christ spoke; ich glaube aber, daß sich das Fürwort hier auf die Personen selbst bezieht); 194, 18; usw. usw. Bo. 2, 17 ða wæs sum consul, þæt we heretoha hataþ, Boetius wæs haten, se wæs in bocræftum & on woruldþeawum se rihtwisesta; se ða ongeat þa manigfealdan yfel; 112, 13 an sceppend is . . ., & se is eac wealdend. Lc. 86, 27 gif he medrenmægas hæbbe, gielden þa þæs weres þriddan dæl.
2. Auf Sachen oder auf den Inhalt eines ganzen Satzes: Be. 471, 15 ðis gewrit oððe hit god sagað . . ., & seþe hit gehyreþ he onhyreþ ðam, oððe hit yfel sagaþ . . . ., & seþe hit gehyreþ he flyhþ þæt; 472, 7 (we geleornodon þæt we her writaþ . . .) unter hwilcum cyninge þæt ðonne geworden wæs; 32 gif he hwæt . . . on oþre wisan gehyre, þæt he me þæt ne otwite; 473, 10, 18, 31; 474, 16, 36; 475, 18; 481, 21 worhtan him hocas, & mid ðam tugan hi . . .; 34 Theodosius rice onfeng, & þæt hæfde . . .; 482, 13, 30; 484, 27, 30 æfter ðam; 488, 9; 502, 38 (oþer seonaþ:) ða se a geseted wæs; 579, 14; usw. usw. Or. 14, 34 binnan þæm (nämlich den vorher erwähnten Flüssen und Meeren) sindon monega þeoda; 19, 19 (swyðe mycel sæ . . .;) seo is bradre usw.; 32, 25 mid Egyptum wearþ syfan gear se ungemetlica eorðwela, & hi æfter ðæm wæron on ðan mæstan hungre; 38, 30; 60, 14 Sameramis feng to þæm rice & getimbrede þa burg Babylonia, toþon þæt heo wære heafod ealra Asiria; & hit fela wintra siþþan on þæm stod (= unter solchen Verhältnissen; = regnum diu inconcussa potentia stetit; bezieht sich hit auf rice oder ist es allgemein?); 70, 3; 74, 7 swa ungeliefedlic is ænigum menn þæt to gesecgenne, hu ænig mon mehte swelce burg gewyrcan swelce sio (das vorher erwähnte Babel) wæs, oðþe eft abreccan; 90, 19 on þæm dagum wæs an burg in Affrica sio wæs neh þæm sæ, oð an sæflod com & hie aweste & þa men adrencte; 94, 27; 96, 22; 106, 2; 232, 18; 252, 6; 278, 15; usw. usw. Cp. 4, 14 hie lufedon wisdom & ðurh ðone hi begeaton welan; 28, 10 ne cwæð he þæt (den vorhergehenden Ausspruch), forðyþe he ænegum men ðæs (den Inhalt desselben) wyscte; 36, 18 hine spænð his mod to swiðe monegum unnyttum weorce. He sorgað ymb ða & bið ðara swiðe gemyndig; 48, 1 þæt (den Inhalt des vorhergehenden Satzes) we magon swiðe sweotule ongietan; 12; 62, 5, 15; 96, 6; 128, 7; 136, 19; 156, 15 siððon mon wyrcð duru to; gif sio ðonne ontyned bið; 198, 1; 202, 6; 252, 5; 256, 12 þæt dumbe & þæt gehæfte neat ðreade . . ., & mid ðy gestierde ðæm witgan; 310, 22; 344, 16; 393, 24; usw. Bo. IV, 3 hu Boetius hi wolde berædan, & Ðeodric þa þæt anfunde. Ps. 4, 6 offriað ge mid rihtwisnesse, and bringað þa Gode to lacum (= sacrificate sacrificium justitiae); 5, 5 þu hatast ealle þa þe unriht wyrcað, and þæt ne forlætað; usw. Lc. 58, 12 do hiere gyfta, and locige þæt hio hæbbe hrægl . . ., gif he hire þara nan ne do, þonne sie hio frioh; 60, 21 and sie se hlaford ofslegen oððe se man forgolden, swa þæt witan to rihte finden.
Source: Johann Ernst Wülfing, Die Syntax in den Werken Alfreds des Grossen, vol. 1, pp. 368-370, § 254 (Die hinweisenden Fürwörter. I. se, seo, þæt). Scan authority: archive.org diesyntaxindenw02wlgoog; OCR extraction aid: Google Books McUqAAAAMAAJ. Translator: Loquentes. Printed edition in the US public domain.
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices sē, sēo, ðæt as both definite article and demonstrative that.