boc
FOCUSED PRACTICE · 1 PARADIGM · 8 FORMS
book
Core drill · 200×
0 / 200 correct repetitions
- Singular → Plural
- Each Nom. → Acc. → Gen. → Dat.
0 / 8 forms · 1 line
Consonant Declensions (Root Stems): the foot Declension
Historical Grammar
67. The nouns belonging here are chiefly masculines and feminines. Their stem ended in a consonant other than n. The most important of them may be divided as follows: (1) The foot Declension, (2) r-Stems, and (3) nd-Stems. These declensions are all characterized by the prevalence, wherever possible, of i-umlaut in certain cases, the case ending being then dropped.
(1) The nouns belonging to the foot Declension exhibit umlaut most consistently in the N.A. plural.
NOTE.—The dative singular usually has the same form as the N.A. plural. Here belong also sēo bōc (book), sēo burg (borough), sēo gōs (goose) sēo lūs (louse), and sēo mūs (mouse), all with umlauted plurals. Mn.E. preserves only six of the foot Declension plurals: feet, men, teeth, geese, lice, and mice. The c in the last two is an artificial spelling, intended to preserve the sound of voiceless s. Mn.E. kine (= cy-en) is a double plural formed after the analogy of weak stems; Burns in The Twa Dogs uses kye.
No umlaut is possible in sēo niht(night) and sē mōnað (month), plural niht and mōnað (preserved in Mn.E. twelvemonth and fortnight).
| Sing. N.A. | sē fōt (foot) | sē mǫn (man) | sē tōð (tooth) | sēo cū (cow) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plur. | ||||
| N.A. | fēt | męn | tēð | cȳ |
Historical Exercises & Reading
71. EXERCISES.
2. Uton faran on ðæt scip.
3. God is cyninga cyning ǫnd hlāforda hlāford.
4. Sē eorl ne giefð giefa his fīend.
5. Ic næs mid his frīend.
6. Sēo mōdor færð mid hiere dęhter on ðā burg.
7. Fintst ðū ðæs bōceres bēc?
8. Hē bint ealle (all) ðā dēor būtan ðǣm wulfum.
9. Dū eart Crīst, godes sunu.
10. “Uton bindan, ðæs bǫnan fēt,” cwið hē.
II. 1. Christ is the son of God.
2. Let us call him Cædmon.
3. He throws his spear against the door.
4. Thou art not the earl’s brother.
5. He will go with his father to England, but I shall remain (abide) here.
6. Gifts are not given to murderers.
7. Who will find the tracks of the animals?
8. They ask their lord for his weapons. (§ 65, Note 3).
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices root consonants with i-umlaut datives and plurals. Smith gives the foot Declension as a two-line paradigm only (N.A. singular and N.A. plural); the note that follows supplies the dative rule and the remaining nouns.