fremu
FOCUSED PRACTICE · 1 PARADIGM · 8 FORMS
benefit
Core drill · 200×
0 / 200 correct repetitions
- Singular → Plural
- Each Nom. → Acc. → Gen. → Dat.
0 / 8 forms · 1 line
The i-Declension (Masculine and Feminine)
Historical Grammar
CHAPTER IX.
THE i-DECLENSION AND THE u-DECLENSION.
THE i-DECLENSION.
The i-Declension, corresponding to the group of i-stems in the classical Third Declension, contains chiefly (a) masculine and (b) feminine nouns. The N.A. plural of these nouns ended originally in –e (from older i).
(a) Masculine i-Stems.
These stems have almost completely gone over to the a-Declension, so that –as is more common than –e as the N.A. plural ending, whether the stem is long or short. The short stems all have –e in the N.A. singular.
Names of Peoples.
The only i-stems that regularly retain -e of the N.A. plural are certain names of tribes or peoples used only in the plural.
(b) Feminine i-Stems
The short stems (fręm-u) conform entirely to the declension of short ō-stems; long stems (cwēn, wyrt) differ from long ō-stems in having no ending for the A. singular. They show, also, a preference for –e rather than –a in the N.A. plural.
The u-Declension.
Paradigms of sē wyrm, worm; sē wine, friend.
Paradigms of ðā Ęngle, Angles; ðā Norðymbre, Northumbrians; ðā lēode, people:
Paradigms of sēo fręm-u, benefit; sēo cwēn, woman, queen [quean]; sēo wyrt, root [wort]:
| Case | sē wyrm worm |
sē wine friend |
|---|---|---|
| Sing. | ||
| N.A. | wyrm | win-e |
| G. | wyrm-es | win-es |
| D.I. | wyrm-e | win-e |
| Plur. | ||
| N.A. | wyrm-as | win-as (e) |
| G. | wyrm-a | win-a |
| D.I. | wyrm-um | win-um |
| Case | ðā Ęngle Angles |
ðā Norðymbre Northumbrians |
ðā lēode people |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plur. | |||
| N.A. | Ęngle | Norðymbre | lēode |
| G. | Ęngla | Norðymbra | lēoda |
| D.I. | Ęnglum | Norðymbrum | lēodum |
| Case | sēo fręm-u benefit |
sēo cwēn woman, queen [quean] |
sēo wyrt root [wort] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | |||
| N. | fręm-u | cwēn | wyrt |
| G. | fręm-e | cwēn-e | wyrt-e |
| D.I. | fręm-e | cwēn-e | wyrt-e |
| A. | fręm-e | cwēn | wyrt |
| Plur. | |||
| N.A. | fręm-a | cwēn-e (a) | wyrt-e (a) |
| G. | fręm-a | cwēn-a | wyrt-a |
| D.I. | fręm-um | cwēn-um | wyrt-um |
Historical Exercises & Reading
55. EXERCISES.
2. Hwā hæfð ðā giefa?
3. Ðā Mierce hīe habbað.
4. Hwǣr is ðæs Wēales fugol?
5. Ðā Dęne hine habbað.
6. Hwǣr sindon hiera winas?
7. Hīe sindon on ðæs cyninges wuda.
8. Ðā Rōmware ǫnd ðā Seaxe hæfdon ðā gāras ǫnd ðā geocu.
9. Hēo is on ðǣm hūse on wintra, ǫnd on ðǣm feldum on sumera.
10. Hwǣr is ðǣs hofes duru?
11. Heo (= sēo duru) nis hēr.
II. 1. His friends have the bones of the seals and the bodies of the Danes.
2. Art thou the king’s son?
3. Has she her gifts in her hands?
4. Here are the fields of the natives.
5. Who had the bird?
6. I had it.2
7. The child had the worm in his fingers.
8. The Mercians were here during (the) summer (on + dat.).
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices wine (friend) and spere (spear).