drifan
FOCUSED PRACTICE · 1 PARADIGM · 4 FORMS
to drive
Core drill · 200×
0 / 200 correct repetitions
- Forms
- Each 1sg → 2sg → 3sg → Plural
0 / 4 forms · 1 line
Strong Verbs — Present Indicative (Classes I–VII)
Historical Grammar
CHAPTER X.
PRESENT INDICATIVE ENDINGS OF STRONG VERBS.
56. The unchanged stem of the present indicative may always be found by dropping –an of the infinitive: feall-an, to fall; cēos-an, to choose; bīd-an, to abide.
57 The personal endings are:
i-Umlaut.
The Unchanged Present Indicative.
In the Northumbrian and Mercian dialects, as well as in the dialect of Late West Saxon, the 2d and 3d singular endings were usually joined to the present stem without modification either of the stem itself or of the personal endings. The complete absence of umlauted forms in the present indicative of Mn.E. is thus accounted for.
In Early West Saxon, however, such forms as the following are comparatively rare in the 2d and 3d singular:
109. Class II: The “Choose” Conjugation.
Vowel Succession: ēo, ēa, u, o.
INFINITE. PRET.SING. PRET. PLUR. PAST PART.2
cēos-an, cēas, cur-on, gecor-en, to choose.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
111. Indicative. Subjunctive.
PRESENT. PRESENT.
CHAPTER XX.
STRONG VERBS: CLASSES IV, V, VI, AND VII.
CONTRACT VERBS.
| Person | Sing. | Plur. |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | -e | -að |
| 2. | -est | |
| 3. | -ēð |
| Person | feall-an to fall |
cēos-an to choose |
bīd-an to abide |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | |||
| 1. | Ic feall-e (I fall) | cēos-e (I choose) | bīd-e (I abide) |
| 2. | ðū feall-est | cēos-est | bid-est |
| 3. | hē feall-eð | cēos-eð | bīd-eð |
| 1. wē wē | |||
| 2. gē gē | feall-að | cēos-að | bīd-að |
| 3. hīe hīe | |||
| Person | Indicative. |
|---|---|
| Sing. | |
| 1. | Ic cēos-e |
| 2. | ðū cīest (cēos-est) |
| 3. | hē cīest (cēos-eð) |
| 1. wē wē | |
| 2. gē gē | cēos-að |
| 3. hīe hīe | |
| Person | Indicative. |
|---|---|
| Sing. | |
| 1. | Ic bind-e |
| 2. | ðū bintst (bind-est) |
| 3. | hē bint (bind-eð) |
| 1. wē wē | |
| 2. gē gē | bind-að |
| 3. hīe hīe | |
Historical Exercises & Reading
62. EXERCISES.
I 1. Sē cyning fielð.
2. Ðā wīf cēosað ðā giefa.
3. Ðū stęntst on ðǣm hūse.
4. Hē wierpð ðæt wǣpen.
5. Sē sęcg hīewð ðā līc.
6. Ðæt sǣd grēwð ǫnd wiex (Mark iv. 27).
7. Ic stǫnde hēr, ǫnd ðū stęntst ðǣr.
8. “Ic hit eom,” cwið hē.
9. Hīe berað ðæs wulfes bān.
10. Hē hīe bint, ǫnd ic hine binde.
11. Ne rītst ðū?
II.
1. We shall bind him.
2. Who chooses the child’s gifts?
3. “He was not here,” says she.
4. Wilt thou remain in the hall?
5. The wolves are biting (= bite) the fishermen.
6. He enjoys the love of his children.
7. Do you enjoy (= Enjoyest thou) the consolation and friendship of the scribe?
8. Will he come?
9. I shall throw the spear, and thou wilt bear the weapons.
10. The king’s son will become king.
11. The army (werod) is breaking the doors and walls of the house.
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices present indicative inflection with i-umlaut and contraction in the 2nd and 3rd person singular. §57 gives the endings common to all seven classes; §58 gives full paradigms for feallan (Class VII), cēosan (Class II) and bīdan (Class I); §§109 and 111 give the Class II and Class III conjugations; Chapter XX gives only principal parts for Classes IV–VII, telling the student to “complete the conjugation for himself (§ 103)”.