λυω

Syntax & Usage

1835. The imperative is used in commands and prohibitions (negative μή). All its tenses refer to the future.

a. Under commands are included requests, entreaties, summons, prescriptions, exhortations, etc.

b. For the tenses of the imperative, see 1840; for the infinitive used as an imperative, see 2013.

1836. In exhortations ἄγε, φέρε, ἴθι (usually with δή, sometimes with νύν), often precede the imperative: ἄγε δὴ ἀκούσατε come listen X. Ap. 14, ἄγετε δειπνήσατε go now, take your supper X. H. 5. 1. 18, ἀλλ᾽ ἴθι εἰπέ but come, say P. G. 489 e.

1837. πᾶ̄ς is sometimes used with the second person in poetry: ἄκουε πᾶ̄ς hear, every one Ar. Thesm. 372.

1981. The construction of the accusative with the infinitive seems to have originated from the employment of the infinitive to complement the meaning of transitive verbs; as in κελεύω σε ἀπελθεῖν I command you to depart. Here the accusative was separated from the transitive verb and felt to be the independent subject of the infinitive (I command that you depart). Gradually the accusative with the infinitive was used even after verbs incapable of taking an object-accusative.

1982. Instead of an impersonal passive verb with the accusative and infinitive as subject, Greek often uses the personal passive construction, the accusative becoming the nominative, subject to the leading verb.

Thus, Κῦρος ἠγγέλθη νῑκῆσαι Cyrus was reported to have conquered instead of ἠγγέλθη Κῦρον νῑκῆσαι it was reported that Cyrus had conquered, and δίκαιός εἰμι ἀπελθεῖν I am justified in going away instead of δίκαιόν ἐστιν ἐμὲ ἀπελθεῖν it is right for me to go away. English sometimes has to use the impersonal construction in place of the Greek personal construction (cp. 2107).

a. The personal construction is more common with λέγεται, ἀγγέλλεται, ὁμολογεῖται and other passive verbs of saying (regular with passive verbs of thinking); with συμβαίνει it happens; with ἀναγκαῖος necessary, ἄξιος worthy, δίκαιος just, δυνατός possible, ἐπιτήδειος fit, etc., followed by a form of εἶναι, instead of ἀναγκαῖον, ἄξιον, etc. Thus, ὁ Ἀσσύριος εἰς τὴν χώρᾱν αὐτοῦ ἐμβαλεῖν ἀγγέλλεται the Assyrian is reported to be about to make an incursion into his country X. C. 5. 3. 30, πολλή τις ἀλογίᾱ ξυμβαίνει γίγνεσθαι much absurdity would result P. Phil. 55 a, δίκαιος εἶ επεῖν it is right for you to speak P. S. 214 c, τὴν αἰτίᾱν οὗτός ἐστι δίκαιος ἔχειν it is right for him to bear the blame D. 18. 4. Both constructions together: σοὶ γὰρ δὴ λέγεται πάνυ γε τεθεραπεῦσθαι ὁ Ἀπόλλων, καί σε πάντα ἐκείνῳ πειθόμενον πρά̄ττειν for Apollo is said to have been greatly served by you, and (it is said) that you do everything in obedience to him X. C. 7. 2. 15. Cp. 2104.

N.— δῆλός ἐστι and φανερός ἐστι take ὅτι or the participle (2107); δῆλόν ἐστι and φανερόν ἐστι take ὅτι, not the infinitive.

1983. The personal constructions δοκῶ, ἔοικα (2089 c), δέω are regular instead of δοκεῖ, ἔοικε it seems, δεῖ it lacks (much or little). So with φαίνομαι for φαίνεται.

δοκῶ γάρ μοι ἀδύνατος εἶναι for I seem to be unable P. R. 368 b, δοκοῦμέν μοι καθῆσθαι it seems to me that we are encamped X. A. 1. 3. 12, νῦν γε ἡμῶν ἔοικας βασιλεὺς εἶναι now at least you seem to be our king X. C. 1. 4. 6, πολλοῦ δέω ἐγὼ ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ ἀπολογεῖσθαι I am far from speaking in my own defence P. A. 30 d, μῑκροῦ ἐδέησεν Κύπρον ἅπᾱσαν κατασχεῖν he almost (lacked a little) occupied the whole of Cyprus I. 9. 62, εὖ σὺ λέγειν φαίνει you seem to speak well Ar. Nub. 403.

a. δοκεῖ μοί τινα ἐλθεῖν for δοκεῖ τίς μοι ἐλθεῖν it seems to me that some one came is very rare. δοκεῖ meaning it seems good, it is decreed always takes the infinitive (1984, 1991). δοκῶ believe has the construction of 1992 c. Cp. 1998.