λυω
loosen
Core drill · 200×
0 / 200 correct repetitions
- 1 Active
- 2 Middle-Passive
0 / 12 forms · 2 lines
The Conjugation of λύω — Subjunctive and Optative Moods
Historical Grammar
380. Meanings of the Tenses and Moods. – In the synopsis (382) meanings are given wherever these are not dependent on the use of the various forms in the sentence. The meanings of the subjunctive and optative forms and the difference between the tenses can be learned satisfactorily only from the syntax. Some of these meanings may here be given:
a. Subjunctive: λύ̄ωμεν or λύ̄σωμεν let us loose, (ἐὰ̄ν) λύ̄ω or λύ̄σω (if) I loose, (ἵνα) γράφω (that) I may write.
b. Optative: (εἴθε) λύ̄οιμι or λύ̄σαιμι (would) that I may loose! (εἰ) λύ̄οιμεν or λύ̄σαιμεν (if) we should loose.
CONJUGATION: LIST OF PARADIGMS
I. Verbs in ω:
A. Vowel verbs not contracted:
Synopsis and conjugation of λύ̄ω (pp. 112-118).
Second aorist (active and middle) of λείπω (p. 119).
Second perfect and pluperfect (active) of λείπω.
B. Vowel verbs contracted:
Present and imperfect of τῑμάω, ποιέω, δηλόω (pp. 120-123).
C. Consonant verbs:
Liquid and nasal verbs: future and first aorist (active and middle), second aorist and second future passive of φαίνω (pp. 128-129).
Labial, dental, and palatal verbs: perfect and pluperfect, middle (passive) of λείπω, γράφω, πείθω, πρά̄ττω, ἐλέγχω (p. 130). Perfect of the liquid verbs ἀγγέλλω, φαίνω; and perfect of τελέω (p. 131).
II. Verbs in μι.
A. Present, imperfect, and 2 aorist of τίθημι, ἵστημι, δίδωμι (pp. 135 ff.).
Second aorist middle of ἐπριάμην (p. 138).
B. Present and imperfect of δείκνῡμι (p. 140).
Second aorist: ἔδῡν (p. 140).
| 382. | Synopsis of λύ¯ω (λῠω λῡ) loose | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Present System | II. Future System | III. Future System | |||
| Present and Imperfect | Future | 1 Aorist | |||
| Active: Indic. | λύ̄ω I loose or am loosing | λύ̄σω I shall loose | |||
| ἔλῡον I was loos- ing | ἔλῡσα I loosed | ||||
| Subj. | λύ̄ω | λύ̄σω | |||
| Opt. | λύ̄οιμι | λύ̄σοιμι | λύ̄σαιμι | ||
| Imper. | λῦε loose | λῦσον loose | |||
| Infin. | λύ̄ειν to loose | λύ̄σειν to be about to loose | λῦσαι to loose or to have loosed | ||
| Part. | λύ̄ων loosing | λύ̄σων about to loose | |||
| Middle: | |||||
| Indic. | λύ̄ομαι I loose (for myself) | λύ̄σομαι I shall loose (for myself) | |||
| ἐλῡόμην I was loosing (for myself) | ἐλῡσάμην I loosed (for myself) | ||||
| Subj. | λύ̄ωμαι | λύ̄σωμαι | |||
| Opt. | λῡοίμην | λῡσοίμην | λῡσαίμην | ||
| Imper. | λύ̄ου loose (for thy- self) | λύ̄σεσθαι to be about to loose (for one's self) | λῦσαι loose (for thy- self) | ||
| Infin. | λύ̄εσθαι to loose (for one's self) | λύ̄σασθαι to loose or to have loosed (for one's self) | λύ̄σασθαι to loose or to have loosed (for one's self) | ||
| Part. | λῡόμενος loosing (for one's self) | λῡσάμενος having loosed (for one's self) | λῡσάμενος having loosed (for one's self) | ||
| Passive: | viii first passive system | ||||
| Indic. | λύ̄ομαι I am ἐλῡόμην I was | } | (being) loosed | 1 Future | 1 Aorist |
| λυθήσομαι I shall be loosed | ἐλύθην I was loosed | ||||
| Subj. | Like Middle | λυθῶ (for λυθέω) | |||
| Opt. | " " | λυθησοίμην | λυθείην | ||
| Imper. | " " | λύθητι be loosed | |||
| Infin. | " " | λυθήσεσθαι to be about to be loosed | λυθῆναι to be loosed or to have been loosed | ||
| Part. | " " | λυθησόμενος about to be loosed | λυθείς having been loosed | ||
| Verbal Adjectives: | { | λυτός that may be loosed, loosed |
| λυτέος that must be loosed, (requiring) to be loosed | ||
|---|---|---|
| [Synopsis of λύ̄ω (λῠ, λῡ) loose (right-hand page continuation of above )] | ||
|---|---|---|
| v. first perfect system | vii. perfect system | [Active: |
| 1 Perfect and Pluperfect Active | Indic.] | |
| λέλυκα I have loosed | ||
| ἐλελύκη I had loosed | ||
| λελυκὼς ὦ or λελύκω | [Subj.] | |
| λελυκὼς εἴην or λελύκοιμι | [Opt.] | |
| λελυκὼς ἴσθι or [λέλυκε]1 | [Imper.] | |
| λελυκέναι to have loosed | ||
| λελυκώς having loosed | [Part.] | |
| Perfect and Pluperfect Middle | [Middle: | ||||
| λέλυμαι I have loosed (for myself) | Indic.] | ||||
| ἐλελύμην I had | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| λελυμένος ὦ | |||||
| λελυμένος εἴην | |||||
| λέλυσο (712, 714) | |||||
| λελύσθαι to have loosed (for one's self) | [Infin.] | ||||
| λελυμένος having loosed (for one's self) | [Part.] | ||||
| Perfect and Perfect Passive | Future Perfect Passive | ||||
| λέλυμαι I have ἐλελύμην I had | { | been loosed | λελύ̄σομαι I shall have been loosed | [Indic.] | |
| Like Middle | [Subj.] | ||||
| " " | [Opt.] | ||||
| " " | [Imper.] | ||||
| " " | [Infin.] | ||||
| " " | [Part.] | ||||
Syntax & Usage
1795. The chief uses of the independent subjunctive are the hortatory (1797), the prohibitive (1800), and the deliberative (1805).
a. The name subjunctive is due to the belief of the ancient grammarians that the mood was always subordinate. Thus, εἴπω shall I speak? (1805) was explained as due to the omission of a preceding βούλει, i.e. do you wish that I speak?
1796. The independent subjunctive refers to future time. It has three main uses: (1) the voluntative, expressing the will of the speaker. This is akin to the imperative. (2) The deliberative. This is possibly a form of the voluntative. (3) The anticipatory (or futural). This anticipates an action as an immediate future possibility. Whether the anticipatory is a form of the voluntative is uncertain (cp. ich will sehen, je veux voir, dialectal il veut pleuvoir).
1797. Hortatory Subjunctive.— The hortatory subjunctive (present or aorist) is used to express a request or a proposal (negative μή).
a. Usually in the first person plural: νῦν ἴωμεν καὶ ἀκούσωμεν τοῦ ἀνδρός let us go now and hear the man P. Prot. 314 b, μήπω ἐκεῖσε ἴωμεν let’s not go there yet 311 a. ἄγε, φέρε (δή), in Hom. ἄγε (δή), sometimes precedes, as ἄγε σκοπῶμεν come, let us consider X. C. 5. 5. 15. ἴθι (δή) rarely precedes.
b. Less frequently in the first person singular, which is usually preceded (in affirmative sentences) by φέρε (δή), in Hom. by ἄγε (δή): φέρε δὴ περὶ τοῦ ψηφίσματος εἴπω let me now speak about the bill D. 19. 234.
1814. Optative of Wish.— In independent sentences the optative without ἄν is used to express a wish referring to the future (negative μή): ὦ παῖ, γένοιο πατρὸς εὐτυχέστερος ah, boy, mayest thou prove more fortunate than thy sire S. Aj. 550. From this use is derived the name of the mood (Lat. opto wish).
a. So even in relative sentences: ἐάν ποτε, ὃ μὴ γένοιτο, λάβωσι τὴν πόλιν if ever they capture the city, which Heaven forbid L. 31. 14.
b. Under wishes are included execrations and protestations: ἐξολοίμην may I perish Ar. Ach. 324, καὶ σ᾽ ἐπιδείξω, ἢ μὴ ζῴην, δωροδοκήσαντα and I will prove that you took bribes, or may I not live Ar. Eq. 833.
1815. The optative of wish is often introduced by εἰ γάρ, εἴθε (Hom. αἰ γάρ, αἴθε), or by εἰ, ὡς (both poetical): εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο would that it might happen X. C. 6. 1. 38, ὡς ὄλοιτο may he perish S. El. 126. (ὡς is properly an exclamation: how.)
1816. The optative introduced by εἰ γάρ, etc. is sometimes explained as a protasis with the conclusion omitted: εἴθε φίλος ἡμῖν γένοιο oh, if you would become our friend X. H. 4. 1. 38. Cp. 2352 e.
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices person-by-person paradigms for the subjunctive and optative. In Smyth § 382 those forms appear as the corresponding row of each tense-system column of the synopsis above; § 380 explains why the meanings of the subjunctive and optative "can be learned satisfactorily only from the syntax".
Source note: Smyth § 381 lists the paradigms and places the full person-by-person conjugation of λύ̄ω on pp. 112–118. Those pages fall in §§ 383–399, which the CCEL snapshot does not contain (there is no smyth_2Vb–smyth_2Vd file). What the snapshot does hold is § 382's synopsis — a grid of the tense systems whose rows are the moods — and that is what is reproduced above, in full, across all five of its tables.