Historical Grammar
333. Demonstrative Pronouns. – The chief demonstrative pronouns are ὅδε this (here), οὗτος this, that, ἐκεῖνος that (there, yonder).
| singular | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ὅδε | ἥδε | τόδε | οὗτος | αὕτη | τοῦτο | ἐκεῖνος | ἐ̓κείνη | ἐκεῖνο |
| Gen. | τοῦδε | τῆσδε | τοῦδε | τούτου | ταύτης | τούτου | ἐκείνου | ἐκείνης | ἐκείνου |
| Dat. | τῷδε | τῇδε | τῷδε | τούτῳ | ταύτῃ | τούτῳ | ἐκείνῳ | ἐκείνῃ | ἐκείνῳ |
| Acc. | τόνδε | τήνδε | τόδε | τοῦτον | ταύτην | τοῦτο | ἐκεῖνον | ἐκείνην | ἐκεῖνο |
| dual | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. A. | τώδε | τώδε | τώδε | τούτω | τούτω | τούτω | ἐκείνω | ἐκείνω | ἐκείνω |
| G. D. | τοῖνδε | τοῖνδε | τοῖνδε | τούτοιν | τούτοιν | τούτοιν | ἐκείνοιν | ἐκείνοιν | ἐκείνοιν |
| plural | |||||||||
| Nom. | οἵδε | αἵδε | τάδε | οὗτοι | αὗται | ταῦτα | ἐκεῖνοι | ἐκεῖναι | ἐκεῖνα |
| Gen. | τῶνδε | τῶνδε | τῶνδε | τούτων | τούτων | τούτων | ἐκείνων | ἐκείνων | ἐκείνων |
| Dat. | τοῖσδε | ταῖσδε | τοῖσδε | τούτοις | ταύταις | τούτοις | ἐκείνοις | ἐκείναις | ἐκείνοις |
| Acc. | τούσδε | τά̄σδε | τάδε | τούτους | ταύτᾱς | ταῦτα | ἐκείνους | ἐκείνᾱς | ἐκεῖνα |
a. ὅδε is formed from the old demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό this or that, with the indeclinable demonstrative (and enclitic) ending -δε here (cp. hī-c from hī-ce, Fr. ce-ci). For the accent of ἥδε, οἵδε, αἵδε see 186.
b. οὗτος has the rough breathing and τ in the same places as the article. ου corresponds to the ο, αυ to the α, of the article. For οὗτος as a vocative, see 1288 a. (οὗτος is from ὁ + the particle *υ + the demonstrative suffix το ̈ ς).
c. ἐκεῖνος has a variant form κεῖνος in poetry, and sometimes in prose (Demosthenes). (ἐκεῖνος stands for ἐκε(ι)-ενος from ἐκεῖ there + suffix -ενος.)
d. Other demonstrative pronouns are
| τοσόσδε | τοσήδε | τοσόνδε | so much, so many | } a | pointing forward (to what follows). |
| τοιόσδε | τοιά̄δε | τοιόνδε | such (in quality) | ||
| τηλικόσδε | τηλικήδε | τηλικόνδε | so old, so great |
These are formed from -δε and the (usually) poetic τόσος, τοῖος, τηλίκος with the same meanings.
e. Combinations of the above words and οὗτος are
| τοσοῦτος | τοσαύτη | τοσοῦτο(ν) | so much, so many | }a | pointing backward (to what precedes). |
| τοιοῦτος | τοιαύτη | τοιοῦτο(ν) | such (in quality) | ||
| τηλικοῦτος | τηλικαύτη | τηλικοῦτο(ν) | so old, so great |
The forms in -ν are more common than those in -ο. Attic prose inscriptions have only -ον.
f. The dual rarely has separate feminine forms.
g. The deictic suffix -ῑ may be added to demonstratives for emphasis. Before it α, ε, ο are dropped. Thus, ὁδί¯ this man here, ἡδί¯. τοδί¯. G. τουδί¯. τησδί¯. etc.; οὑτοσί¯. αὑτη̆ί¯. τουτί¯. οὑτοῐί¯. τουτωνί¯. So with other demonstratives and with adverbs: τοσουτοσί¯. οὑτωσί¯. ὡδί¯. For -ῑ we have, in comedy, -γῑ or (rarely) -δῑ formed from γ(ε), δ(ε) + ί¯. Thus, αὑτηγί¯, τουτογί¯, τουτοδί¯.
Syntax & Usage
1238. The demonstrative pronouns are used substantively or adjectively: οὗτος, or οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ, this man.
1239. A demonstrative pronoun may agree in gender with a substantive predicated of it, if connected with the substantive by a copulative verb (917) expressed or understood: αὕτη (for τοῦτο) ἀρίστη διδασκαλίᾱ this is the best manner of learning X. C. 8. 7. 24, εἰ δέ τις ταύτην (for τοῦτο) εἰρήνην ὑπολαμβάνει but if any one regards this as peace D. 9. 9.
a. But the unattracted neuter is common, especially in definitions where the pronoun is the predicate: τοῦτ' ἔστιν ἡ δικαιοσύνη this is (what we call) justice P. R. 432 b. So οὐχ ὕβρις ταῦτ' ἐστί; is not this insolence? Ar. Ran. 21.
1240. οὗτος and ὅδε this usually refer to something near in place, time, or thought; ἐκεῖνος that refers to something more remote. οὑτοσί and ὁδί are emphatic, deictic (333 g) forms (this here).
1241. Distinction between οὗτος and ὅδε. — ὅδε hic points with emphasis to an object in the immediate (actual or mental) vicinity of the speaker, or to something just noticed. In the drama it announces the approach of a new actor. ὅδε is even used of the speaker himself as the demonstrative of the first person (1242). οὗτος iste may refer to a person close at hand, but less vividly, as in statements in regard to a person concerning whom a question has been asked. When ὅδε and οὗτος are contrasted, ὅδε refers to the more important, οὗτος to the less important, object. Thus, ἀλλ' ὅδε βασιλεὺς χωρεῖ but lo! here comes the king S. Ant. 155, αὕτη πέλας σοῦ here she (the person you ask for) is near thee S. El. 1474, καὶ ταῦτ' ἀκούειν κἄτι τῶνδ' ἀλγίονα so that we obey both in these things and in things yet more grievous S. Ant. 64. See also 1245. οὗτος has a wider range of use than the other demonstratives.
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, declined in Smyth § 333 above together with ὅδε and ἐκεῖνος.