puer
FOCUSED PRACTICE · 1 PARADIGM · 10 FORMS
boy
Core drill · 200×
0 / 200 correct repetitions
- Singular → Plural
- Each Nom. → Gen. → Dat. → Acc. → Abl.
0 / 10 forms · 1 line
The Second or O-Declension
Historical Grammar
71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or O-Declension ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in -ī.
72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly masculine.
73. Declension of nouns in -us and -um. Masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows:
| dominus (base domin-), m., master | pīlum (base pīl-), n., spear | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||
| TERMINATIONS | TERMINATIONS | |||
| Nom. | do´minus1 | -us | pīlum | -um |
| Gen. | dominī | -ī | pīlī | -ī |
| Dat. | dominō | -ō | pīlō | -ō |
| Acc. | dominum | -um | pīlum | -um |
| Abl. | dominō | -ō | pīlō | -ō |
| Voc. | domine | -e | pīlum | -um |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | dominī | -ī | pīla | -a |
| Gen. | dominō´rum | -ōrum | pīlō´rum | -ōrum |
| Dat. | dominīs | -īs | pīlīs | -īs |
| Acc. | dominōs | -ōs | pīla | -a |
| Abl. | dominīs | -īs | pīlīs | -īs |
a. Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plural.
b. The vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -ĕ, as domine, O master; serve, O slave. This is the most important exception to the rule in § 56. a.
74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and pīlum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions:
a. The vocative, with a single exception (see § 73. b), is like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural.
b. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in -a.
c. The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s.
d. The dative and ablative plural are always alike.
e. Final -i and -o are always long; final -a is short, except in the ablative singular of the first declension.
91. Declension of Nouns in -er and -ir. In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r, like puer, boy; ager, field; and vir, man. These words are therefore declined as follows:
92. puer, m., boy ager, m., field vir, m., man
| Base puer- | Base agr- | Base vir- | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | TERMINATIONS | |||
| Nom. | puer | ager | vir | —— |
| Gen. | puerī | agrī | virī | -ī |
| Dat. | puerō | agrō | virō | -ō |
| Acc. | puerum | agrum | virum | -um |
| Abl. | puerō | agrō | virō | -ō |
| Plural | ||||
| Nom. | puerī | agrī | virī | -ī |
| Gen. | puerōrum | agrōrum | virōrum | -ōrum |
| Dat. | puerīs | agrīs | virīs | -īs |
| Acc. | puerōs | agrōs | virōs | -ōs |
| Abl. | puerīs | agrīs | virīs | -īs |
a. The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, following the general rule (§ 74. a).
b. The declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular.
c. Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most words in -er are declined like ager. The genitive shows whether you are to follow puer or ager.
Syntax & Usage
75. Observe the sentences
Lesbia est bona, Lesbia is good
Lesbia est ancilla, Lesbia is a maidservant
We have learned (§ 55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called a predicate adjective. Similarly a noun, as ancilla, used in the predicate to define the subject is called a predicate noun.
76. Rule. Predicate Noun. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
81. Rule. Apposition. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
Explanation & Usage
79. We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like bona, in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. Masculine adjectives of this class are declined like dominus, and neuters like pīlum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:
Masculine Noun and Adjective
Neuter Noun and Adjective
dominus bonus, the good master
pīlum bonum, the good spear
Bases domin- bon-
Bases pīl- bon-
Singular
TERMINATIONS
TERMINATIONS
Nom.
do´minus bonus
-us
pīlum bonum
-um
Gen.
dominī bonī
-ī
pīlī bonī
-ī
Dat.
dominō bonō
-ō
pīlō bonō
-ō
Acc.
dominum bonum
-um
pīlum bonum
-um
Abl.
dominō bonō
-ō
pīlō bonō
-ō
Voc.
domine bone
-e
pīlum bonum
-um
Plural
Nom.
dominī bonī
-ī
pīla bona
-a
Gen.
dominō´rum bonō´rum
-ōrum
pīlō´rum bonō´rum
-ōrum
Dat.
dominīs bonīs
-is
pīlīs bonīs
-īs
Acc.
dominōs bonōs
-ōs
pīla bona
-a
Abl.
dominīs bonīs
-īs
pīlīs bonīs
-īs
Decline together bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, mūrus altus, frūmentum novum.
Examples & Model Sentences
80. Observe the sentences
Lesbia ancilla est bona, Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona, the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat, the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant
In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the class of persons to which Lesbia belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case.
Historical Exercises & Reading
82. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
I. 1. Patria servī bonī, vīcus servōrum bonōrum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppidī magnī, in oppidō magnō, in oppidīs magnīs. 3. Cum pīlīs longīs, ad pīla longa, ad mūrōs lātōs. 4. Lēgāte male, amīcī legātī malī, cēna grāta dominō bonō. 5. Frūmentum equōrum parvōrum, domine bone, ad lēgātōs clārōs. 6. Rhēnus est in Germāniā, patriā meā. 7. Sextus lēgātus pīlum longum portat. 8. Oppidānī bonī Sextō lēgātō clārā pecūniam dant. 9. Malī servī equum bonum Mārcī dominī necant. 10. Galba agricola et Iūlia fīlia bona labōrant. 11. Mārcus nauta in īnsulā Siciliā habitat.
II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is caring for1 the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening1 to the little cottage2 of Julia, the farmer’s daughter.
LESSON XI
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
Conversation & Colloquia
77. DIALOGUE
LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA
Galba and Marcus
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
G. Quis, Mārce, est lēgātus cum pīlō et tubā?
M. Lēgātus, Galba, est Sextus.
G. Ubi Sextus habitat?2
M. In oppidō Sextus cum fīliābus habitat.
G. Amantne oppidānī Sextum?
M. Amant oppidānī Sextum et laudant, quod magnā cum cōnstantiā
pugnat.
G. Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat?
M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat.
G. Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat?
M. Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant.
Oppidānī bellum parant.3
habitat
he lives he is living he does live
78. CONVERSATION
Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.
1. Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant?
2. Quem oppidānī amant et laudant?
3. Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat?
4. Cuius equum ancilla cūrat?
5. Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat?
6. Quid oppidānī parant?
LESSON X
SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)
Loquentes Practice Reference
The drill above practices amicus, puer, ager, and donum. D'Ooge illustrates nouns in -us and -um with dominus and pīlum, and nouns in -er with puer, ager, and vir.