Latin Reference
Latin morphology, organized. Each link opens a grouped drill set; its Show answers displays the full tables for study.
Noun Declensions
- First Declension 1 paradigms · 10 forms
- Second Declension 4 paradigms · 40 forms
- Third Declension 2 paradigms · 20 forms
- Third Declension — I-Stems 3 paradigms · 30 forms
- Fourth Declension 2 paradigms · 20 forms
- Fifth Declension 1 paradigms · 10 forms
Adjectives
- Adjectives — First/Second Declension 3 paradigms · 90 forms
- Adjectives — Third Declension 3 paradigms · 90 forms
- Adjectives — Comparatives 1 paradigms · 30 forms
Pronouns
- ego, tu, nos, vos Personal Pronouns (1st & 2nd Person)
- sui Reflexive Pronoun (3rd Person)
- hic Demonstrative Pronoun (“this”)
- ille Demonstrative Pronoun (“that”)
- iste Demonstrative Pronoun (“that of yours”)
- is Demonstrative / Personal Pronoun (“this, that, he, she, it”)
- ipse Intensive Pronoun (“self, very”)
- qui Relative Pronoun (“who, which, that”)
- quis Interrogative Pronoun (“who? what?”)
Reference Tables — Pronouns
ego, tu, nos, vos — Personal Pronouns (1st & 2nd Person)
First and second person pronouns. In the genitive plural, -i forms (nostri, vestri) are used objectively; -um forms (nostrum, vestrum) are used partitively. Both are accepted.
| Case | ego | tu | nos | vos |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ego | tu | nos | vos |
| Gen. | mei | tui | nostri / nostrum | vestri / vestrum |
| Dat. | mihi / mi | tibi | nobis | vobis |
| Acc. | me | te | nos | vos |
| Abl. | me | te | nobis | vobis |
sui — Reflexive Pronoun (3rd Person)
The reflexive pronoun has no nominative case. The same forms serve for both singular and plural.
| Case | Singular & Plural (All Genders) |
|---|---|
| Nom. | — (no nominative) |
| Gen. | sui |
| Dat. | sibi |
| Acc. | se / sese |
| Abl. | se / sese |
hic, haec, hoc — Demonstrative Pronoun (“this”)
Demonstrative of the first person: pointing to what is near the speaker.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | hic | haec | hoc | hi | hae | haec |
| Gen. | huius | huius | huius | horum | harum | horum |
| Dat. | huic | huic | huic | his | his | his |
| Acc. | hunc | hanc | hoc | hos | has | haec |
| Abl. | hoc | hac | hoc | his | his | his |
ille, illa, illud — Demonstrative Pronoun (“that”)
Demonstrative of the third person: pointing to what is remote from both speaker and addressee.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | ille | illa | illud | illi | illae | illa |
| Gen. | illius | illius | illius | illorum | illarum | illorum |
| Dat. | illi | illi | illi | illis | illis | illis |
| Acc. | illum | illam | illud | illos | illas | illa |
| Abl. | illo | illa | illo | illis | illis | illis |
iste, ista, istud — Demonstrative Pronoun (“that of yours”)
Demonstrative of the second person: pointing to what is near or pertains to the person addressed.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | iste | ista | istud | isti | istae | ista |
| Gen. | istius | istius | istius | istorum | istarum | istorum |
| Dat. | isti | isti | isti | istis | istis | istis |
| Acc. | istum | istam | istud | istos | istas | ista |
| Abl. | isto | ista | isto | istis | istis | istis |
is, ea, id — Demonstrative / Personal Pronoun (“this, that, he, she, it”)
Often used as the personal pronoun of the third person. In the plural, both ei/ii and eis/iis are classical accepted variants.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | is | ea | id | ei / ii | eae | ea |
| Gen. | eius | eius | eius | eorum | earum | eorum |
| Dat. | ei | ei | ei | eis / iis | eis / iis | eis / iis |
| Acc. | eum | eam | id | eos | eas | ea |
| Abl. | eo | ea | eo | eis / iis | eis / iis | eis / iis |
ipse, ipsa, ipsum — Intensive Pronoun (“self, very”)
Emphatic/intensive pronoun emphasizing the subject or object in contrast with others.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | ipse | ipsa | ipsum | ipsi | ipsae | ipsa |
| Gen. | ipsius | ipsius | ipsius | ipsorum | ipsarum | ipsorum |
| Dat. | ipsi | ipsi | ipsi | ipsis | ipsis | ipsis |
| Acc. | ipsum | ipsam | ipsum | ipsos | ipsas | ipsa |
| Abl. | ipso | ipsa | ipso | ipsis | ipsis | ipsis |
qui, quae, quod — Relative Pronoun (“who, which, that”)
The relative pronoun. The interrogative adjective (qui, quae, quod) shares this same declension.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | qui | quae | quod | qui | quae | quae |
| Gen. | cuius | cuius | cuius | quorum | quarum | quorum |
| Dat. | cui | cui | cui | quibus | quibus | quibus |
| Acc. | quem | quam | quod | quos | quas | quae |
| Abl. | quo | qua | quo | quibus | quibus | quibus |
quis, quid — Interrogative Pronoun (“who? what?”)
The substantive interrogative pronoun: quis (m./f. “who?”), quid (n. “what?”). The interrogative adjective is qui, quae, quod (declined like the relative pronoun).
| Case | Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. / Fem. | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | quis | quid | qui | quae | quae |
| Gen. | cuius | cuius | quorum | quarum | quorum |
| Dat. | cui | cui | quibus | quibus | quibus |
| Acc. | quem | quid | quos | quas | quae |
| Abl. | quo | quo | quibus | quibus | quibus |
Indicative Active
- Present Indicative Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Imperfect Indicative Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Future Indicative Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Perfect Indicative Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Pluperfect Indicative Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Future Perfect Indicative Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
Indicative Passive
- Present Indicative Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Imperfect Indicative Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Future Indicative Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Perfect Indicative Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Pluperfect Indicative Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Future Perfect Indicative Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
Subjunctive Active
- Present Subjunctive Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Imperfect Subjunctive Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Perfect Subjunctive Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Pluperfect Subjunctive Active 5 paradigms · 30 forms
Subjunctive Passive
- Present Subjunctive Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Imperfect Subjunctive Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Perfect Subjunctive Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
- Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive 5 paradigms · 30 forms
Participles
- Participles — Present Active 5 paradigms · 10 forms
- Participles — Perfect Passive 5 paradigms · 15 forms
- Participles — Future Active 5 paradigms · 15 forms
- Participles — Future Passive / Gerundive 5 paradigms · 15 forms
Reference Tables — Full Participle Declension Models
laudāns, laudantis — Present Active Participle (Third Declension)
Participles in -ns decline like one-termination third declension adjectives (i-stem), with ablative singular in -e or -i (the -e is regular in the ablative absolute or when used substantively; -i is regular when used purely as an attributive adjective). Genitive plural is in -ium; neuter plural nominative/accusative is in -ia.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. / Fem. | Neuter | Masc. / Fem. | Neuter | |
| Nom. | laudāns | laudāns | laudantēs | laudantia |
| Gen. | laudantis | laudantis | laudantium | laudantium |
| Dat. | laudantī | laudantī | laudantibus | laudantibus |
| Acc. | laudantem | laudāns | laudantēs / laudantīs | laudantia |
| Abl. | laudante / laudantī | laudante / laudantī | laudantibus | laudantibus |
laudātus, -a, -um — Perfect Passive & Future Participles (1st & 2nd Declension)
The Perfect Passive Participle (laudātus, -a, -um), Future Active Participle (laudātūrus, -a, -um), and Gerundive (laudandus, -a, -um) decline regular 1st and 2nd declension adjectives like bonus or magnus.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nom. | laudātus | laudāta | laudātum | laudātī | laudātae | laudāta |
| Gen. | laudātī | laudātae | laudātī | laudātōrum | laudātārum | laudātōrum |
| Dat. | laudātō | laudātae | laudātō | laudātīs | laudātīs | laudātīs |
| Acc. | laudātum | laudātam | laudātum | laudātōs | laudātās | laudāta |
| Abl. | laudātō | laudātā | laudātō | laudātīs | laudātīs | laudātīs |