Historical Grammar
80. Observe the sentences
| Lesbia ancilla est bona, Lesbia, the maidservant, is good Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona, the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat, the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant |
|---|
In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the class of persons to which Lesbia belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case.
81. Rule. Apposition. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
82. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
I. 1. Patria servī bonī, vīcus servōrum bonōrum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppidī magnī, in oppidō magnō, in oppidīs magnīs. 3. Cum pīlīs longīs, ad pīla longa, ad mūrōs lātōs. 4. Lēgāte male, amīcī legātī malī, cēna grāta dominō bonō. 5. Frūmentum equōrum parvōrum, domine bone, ad lēgātōs clārōs. 6. Rhēnus est in Germāniā, patriā meā. 7. Sextus lēgātus pīlum longum portat. 8. Oppidānī bonī Sextō lēgātō clārā pecūniam dant. 9. Malī servī equum bonum Mārcī dominī necant. 10. Galba agricola et Iūlia fīlia bona labōrant. 11. Mārcus nauta in īnsulā Siciliā habitat.
II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is caring for1 the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening1 to the little cottage2 of Julia, the farmer’s daughter.
LESSON XI
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows:
| Singular | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| MASCULINE | FEMININE | NEUTER | |
| Nom. | bonus | bona | bonum |
| Gen. | bonī | bonae | bonī |
| Dat. | bonō | bonae | bonō |
| Acc. | bonum | bonam | bonum |
| Abl. | bonō | bonā | bonō |
| Voc. | bone | bona | bonum |
| Plural | |||
| Nom. | bonī | bonae | bona |
| Gen. | bonōrum | bonārum | bonōrum |
| Dat. | bonīs | bonīs | bonīs |
| Acc. | bonōs | bonās | bona |
| Abl. | bonīs | bonīs | bonīs |
a. Write the declension and give it orally across the page, thus giving the three genders for each case.
b. Decline grātus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um; parvus, -a, -um.
93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer, but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus,
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| līber | lībera | līberum | (free) | is like puer |
| pulcher | pulchra | pulchrum | (pretty) | is like ager |
For the full declension in the three genders, see § 469. b. c.
Syntax & Usage
84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does not mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, sailor, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, a good sailor is nauta bonus. So, the wicked farmer is agricola malus. Learn the following declensions:
Historical Exercises & Reading
85. nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., the good sailor
Singular
Plural
Nom.
nauta
bonus
nautae
bonī
Gen.
nautae
bonī
nautārum
bonōrum
Dat.
nautae
bonō
nautīs
bonīs
Acc.
nautam
bonum
nautās
bonōs
Abl.
nautā
bonō
nautīs
bonīs
Voc.
nauta
bone
nautae
bonī
86. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
I. 1. Est1 in vīcō nauta bonus. 2. Sextus est amīcus nautae bonī. 3. Sextus nautae bonō galeam dat. 4. Populus Rōmānus nautam bonum laudat. 5. Sextus cum nautā bonō praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone, sunt arma et tēla lēgātī Rōmānī? 7. Nautae bonī ad bellum properant. 8. Fāma nautārum bonōrum est clāra. 9. Pugnae sunt grātae nautīs bonīs. 10. Oppidānī nautās bonōs cūrant. 11. Cūr, nautae bonī, malī agricolae ad Rhēnum properant? 12. Malī agricolae cum bonīs nautīs pugnant.
II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty. 2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. 3. Why does Galba’s daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? 4. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, where is my helmet? 7. The good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. 9. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. 10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers?
LESSON XII
NOUNS IN -IUS AND -IUM
94. Decline together the words vir līber, terra lībera, frūmentum līberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices magnus, līber, and pulcher. magnus follows bonus exactly.