Historical Grammar
201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§ 183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.
1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:
2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle.
202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved.
Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as
1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | amātus, -a, -um sum | amātī, -ae, -a sumus |
| 2nd Person | es | estis |
| 3rd Person | est | sunt |
Explanation & Usage
203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it
is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.
Examples & Model Sentences
204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§ 202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.
Examples in Singular
Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised
Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised
Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised
Examples in Plural
Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised
Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised
Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised
1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§ 488-492).
Loquentes Practice Reference
Our drill practices laudō, moneō, dūcō, audiō, and capiō. D'Ooge's historical paradigm above illustrates the tense with the canonical First Conjugation model amō.